ciri ciri pohon pisang emas
Dan pohon pisang yang bersusun-susun buahnya." Menariknya lagi, Salim A. Fillah kemudian mengutip nama latin dari buah pisang. Ialah 'Musa Paradisiaca'. Musa merupakan nama untuk buah yang berasal dari marga 'Musacea' yang memiliki ciri-ciri manis, harum, dan lembut. Sedangkan 'Paradisiaca' dimaknai sebagai bersifat surgawi.
Indonesia is the center of origin of bananas, and also the center of diversity with approximately more than 325 banana cultivars were found in Indonesia. The anatomical feature is essential as a basis for classification as well as the morphological feature. This research aimed to describe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of diploid Musa balbisiana and triploid Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' bananas. Morphological characterizations were conducted according to the IPGRI descriptors for bananas Musa spp.. Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' was collected from Pontianak West Kalimantan and Musa balbisiana was collected from Nipah Panjang village Kubu Raya district West Kalimantan. The root, petiole, and leaf were dissected from banana samples for anatomical preparation. The microscope slide was prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranine and 1% alcian blue. The anatomical characteristics of root and petiole of diploid Musa balbisiana and triploid Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' were considerably similar. The difference between diploid and triploid banana leaf anatomy was the number of hypodermal layers. These sort of anatomical characterization could be applied as a reference for banana cultivars breedinFigures - uploaded by Ari SunandarAuthor contentAll figure content in this area was uploaded by Ari SunandarContent may be subject to copyright. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free SCRIPTA BIOLOGICA VOLUME 5 NOMER 1 MARET 2018 31–36 HTTPS// 31 KARAKTER MORFOLOGI DAN ANATOMI PISANG DIPLOID DAN TRIPLOID ARI SUNANDAR, ADI PASAH KAHAR Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak, Jalan Ahmad Yani No. 111 Pontianak 78124 A B ST R A CT Indonesia is the center of origin of bananas, and also the center of diversity with approximately more than 325 banana cultivars were found in Indonesia. The anatomical feature is essential as a basis for classification as well as the morphological feature. This research aimed to describe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of diploid Musa balbisiana and triploid Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' bananas. Morphological characterizations were conducted according to the IPGRI descriptors for bananas Musa spp.. Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' was collected from Pontianak West Kalimantan and Musa balbisiana was collected from Nipah Panjang village Kubu Raya district West Kalimantan. The root, petiole, and leaf were dissected from banana samples for anatomical preparation. The microscope slide was prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranine and 1% alcian blue. The anatomical characteristics of root and petiole of di ploid Musa balbisiana and triploid Musa paradisiaca 'Kepok' were considerably similar. The difference between diploid and triploid banana leaf anatomy was the number of hypodermal layers. These sort of anatomical characterization could be applied as a reference for ba nana cultivars breeding. KEY WORDSanatomy characteristic, diploid, morphology characteristic, paraffin method, triploid Penulis korespondensiARI SUNANDAR emailarisunandar Dikirim08-12-2017 Diterima01-03-2018 P EN DA HU LU AN Pisang budidaya yang ada sekarang dipercaya berasal dari Musa balbisiana dan Musa acuminata Simmonds & Shepherd, 1955. Kedua species ini merupakan pisang diploid dengan grup genom BB M. balbisiana dan AA M. acuminata. Evolusi menyebabkan fertilitas bunga yang tinggi menurun dan kemampuan menghasilkan biji pada pisang diploid berubah menjadi steril dan sedikit menghasilkan biji Megia, 2005. Keanekaragaman pisang dapat dilihat dari rasa, bentuk, dan warna daging buah. Species dan kultivar pisang di Indonesia belum semua diklasifikasikan Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Pendekatan molekuler dan kariotipe kromosom telah digunakan untuk menggambarkan hubungan kekerabatan pada beberapa species pisang Retnoningsih, 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Ahmad et al., 2014. Selain pendekatan molekuler dan kariotipe kromosom, pendekatan anatomi dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan hubungan kekerabatan pada tanaman. Shokefun et al., 2016 melaporkan bahwa karakter anatomi daun dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan hubungan kekerabatan pada beberapa species Microcos Linn. sect. Eumicrocos Burret. Kelimpahan, distribusi, dan tipe trikoma merupakan karakter pembeda pada Solanum sect. Polytrichum Silva & Agra, 2011. Set kromosom pada pisang budidaya dapat berupa dioloid, triploid, atau tetraploid Megia, 2005. Pada kebanyakan tanaman budidaya, peningkatan jumlah set kromosom akan meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman. Pisang Ambon AAA misalnya, memiliki tandan dan buah yang lebih besar dibandingkan pisang mas AA Simmonds, 1966. Level ploidi tidak hanya berpengaruh pada karakter morfologi tetapi juga pada karakter anatomi. Padoan et al. 2013 melaporkan bahwa sel stomata pada jeruk triploid lebih besar dari pada sel stomata jeruk diploid. Sumardi & Wulandari 2010 melaporkan bahwa ukuran dan jumlah stomata, jumlah lapisan hypodermal, struktur dan jumlah palisade parenkim, ukuran aerenkim pada petiol dan mesofil daun berbeda antara pisang diploid M. acuminata Penjalin’ dan M. balbisiana Khlutuk Warangan’ dan pisang triploid M. acuminata Ambon Warangan’, M. paradisiaca Raja Nangka’, dan M. paradisiaca Khlutuk Susu’. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan karakter morfologi dan anatomi pisang diploid M. balbisiana dan pisang triploid M. paradisiaca Kepok’. Karakter anatomi sangat penting sebagai data pendukung untuk klasifikasi dan upaya peningkatan kualitas pisang budidaya di masa depan. M ET OD E Sampel pisang diploid M. balbisiana diambil dari Desa Nipah Panjang, Kecamatan Batu Ampar, Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Sedangkan sampel pisang triploid M. paradisiaca Kepok’ diambil di Kota Pontianak. Karakter morfologi kedua jenis pisang didokumentasikan menggunakan kamera digital. Karakterisasi morfologi pisang diploid dan triploid mengikuti panduan pada Descriptors for Banana Musa spp.’ IPGRI, 1996. Karakter morfologi yang diamati meliputikarakter pseudostem, karakter petiol, karakter daun, karakter tangkai bunga penduncle, karakter jantung’ pisang, karakter bunga, karakter buah, dan khusus untuk pisang diploid, karakter biji juga diamati. Preparat anatomi organ vegetative akar, petiole, dan daun pisang diploid dan triploid dibuat menggunakan metode paraffin. Akar, petiole, dan daun difiksasi pada larutan FAA selama 24 jam. Akar, petiole, dan daun selanjutnya didehidarasi dan dijernihkan menggunakan seri larutan Johansen I–VII Johansen, 1940, ditanamkan pada lilin paraffin, dan dipotong menggunakan mikrotom putar dengan ketebalan 10 µm. Potongan akar, petiole, dan daun selanjutnya diwarnai dengan safranin 2% dan alcian blue 1%, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. ARI SUNANDAR, ADI PASAH KAHAR 32 H A S I L D A N P E MB A HA SA N Pseudostem M. balbisiana diploid berwarna hijau kekuningan, tipe petiole margins curved inward; bentuk pangkal daun satu sisi membulat dan sisi lainya runcing, warna permukaan atas dan bawah daun hijau, permukaan dorsal tulang daun berwarna hijau cerah dan permukaan ventral tulang daun berwarna hijau; panjang tangkai bunga penduncle 30–40 cm, lebar 4,0–4,5 cm, warna hijau tua; bentuk jantung pisang intermediate, membulat, jumlah braktea yang terbuka dua atau lebih, braktea tidak menggulung; tepal majemuk berwarna cream, lobe tepal majemuk berwarna kuning, warna tepal bebas putih transparan, oval, triangular, kedudukan tangkai putik terhadap tepal majemuk sama tinggi, lurus; jumlah buah dalam satu sisir 7–14 buah, panjang buah 6–7 cm, lurus, lengthily pointed, persistent style; permukaan biji berkerut, berbentuk bulat, berwarna coklat Table 1 dan Gambar 1. Terdapat perbedaan karakter warna pseudostem, tipe petiole, bentuk jantung pisang, bentuk ujung braktea, bentuk ujung tepal bebas, dan bentuk ujung buah antara M. balbisiana pada penelitian ini dengan M. balbisiana di Jawa dan Sulawesi. Warna pseudostem M. balbisiana di pulau Jawa berwarna hitam-keunguan dan hijau, tipe petiole margin overlapping, bentuk jantung pisang ovoid, bentuk ujung braktea membulat dan terbelah, bentuk ujung tepal bebas triangular atau seperti jarum, bentuk ujung buah runcing Hapsari, 2014. Pseudostem M. balbisiana di Sulawesi berwarna coklat keunguan, tipe petiole curved inward, jantung pisang berbentuk ovoid, bentuk ujung braktea intermediate, bentuk ujung tepal bebas triangular, dan bentuk ujung buah tumpul Sulistyaningsih et al., 2014. Musa paradisiaca Kepok’ triploid memiliki pseudostem yang berwarna hijau, tipe petiole straight with erect margins; bentuk pangkal daun kedua sisi membulat, warna permukaan atas daun hijau tua dan bawah daun hijau, permukaan dorsal tulang daun berwarna hijau cerah dan permukaan ventral tulang daun berwarna hijau; panjang tangkai bunga penduncle 41 cm, lebar 3,5 cm, warna hijau; bentuk jantung pisang ovoid, membulat dan terbelah, jumlah braktea yang terbuka satu, braktea tidak menggulung; tepal majemuk berwarna cream, lobe tepal majemuk berwarna kuning, warna tepal bebas putih transparan, oval, triangular, kedudukan tangkai putik terhadap tepal majemuk lebih tinggi, melengkung pada bagian pangkal; jumlah buah dalam satu sisir 13 buah, panjang buah 9 cm, lurus, tumpul, dasar tangkai bunga menonjol Tabel 1 dan Gambar 2. Tabel 1. Karakter morfologi Musa balbisiana dan Musa paradisiacal Kepok’ Musa paradisiaca Kepok’ ABB Straight with erect margins Warna Permukaan Atas Daun Warna Permukaan Bawah Daun One side rounded, one pointed Warna Permukaan Dorsal Tulang Daun Warna Permukaan Ventral Tulang Daun Warna Permukaan Luar Braktea Jumlah Braktea yang terbuka Keadaan Braktea Sebelum Jatuh Pigmentasi Pada Tepal Majemuk Warna Lobe pada Tepal Majemuk Kedudukan Style Terhadap Tepal Majemuk Melengkung Pada bagian Pangkal Jumlah Buah dalam satu sisir Remains of flower relicts Base of the style prominent SCRIPTA BIOLOGICA VOLUME 5 NOMER 1 MARET 2018 31–36 HTTPS// 33 Gambar 1. Foto karakter morfologi Musa balbisiana diploid. A. Pangkal daun, C. Jantung Pisang, D. Bunga jantan, E. Sisir pisang, F. Potongan membujur buah pisang Gambar 3. Foto struktur anatomi Musa paradisiaca Kepok’ triploid. Daun A a, adaxial epidermis; b, hypodermis; c, jaringan palisade ; d, xylem; e, phloem; f, bundle sheath; g, jaringan bunga karang; h, sclerenchyma; i, rongga udara; j, laticifer; k, abaxial epidermis; l, stomata. Petiole B a, epidermis; b, parenchyma cells; c, xylem; d, phloem. Akar Ca, epidermis; b, cortex; c, endodermis; d, vessel; e, phloem; f, aerenkim. Bar = 100µm. ARI SUNANDAR, ADI PASAH KAHAR 34 Gambar 2. Foto karakter morfologi Musa paradisiaca Kepok’ triploid. A. Pangkal daun, B. Petiole, C. Jantung pisang, D. Bunga jantan, E. Sisir pisang, F. Irisan melintang buah pisang Gambar 4. Foto struktur anatomi Musa balbisiana diploid. Daun A a, adaxial epidermis; b, hypodermis; c, jaringan palisade ; d, xylem; e, phloem; f, jaringan bunga karang; g, stomata; h, rongga udara; i, sclerenchyma; j, laticifer; k, abaxial epidermis. Petiole B a, epidermis; b, parenchyma cells; c, xylem; d, phloem. Akar Ca, epidermis; b, cortex; c, endodermis; d, vessel; e, phloem; f, aerenkim. Bar = 100 µm Pisang kepok memiliki kulit yang tebal, berwarna kuning dengan bintik coklat yang gelap. Morfologi buah pisang kapok sangat tidak menarik, buah perlu dimasak dahulu sebelum dikonsumsi dan memiliki rasa buah yang tidak terlalu manis Hapsari & Lestari, 2016. Secara anatomi, daun M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ tersusun atas adaxial epidermis, hypodermis, palisade, bunga karang, bundle sheat cell, abaxial epidermis, dan laticifer. Sel epidermis berbentuk bulat sedangkan sel epidermis M. paradisiaca Kepok’ berbentuk persegi panjang. SCRIPTA BIOLOGICA VOLUME 5 NOMER 1 MARET 2018 31–36 HTTPS// 35 Jaringan hypodermis ditemukan pada sisi adaxial dan abaxial daun M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’. M. balbisiana memiliki dua lapis jaringan hypodermis pada sisi adaxial dan satu lapis pada sisi abaxial. Sedangkan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ memiliki satu lapis jaringan hypodermis pada sisi adaxial dan abaxial daun. Harijati et al., 2013 melaporkan bahwa jaringan hypodermis hanya ditemukan pada sisi adaxial daun M. paradisiaca Kepok’. Dua lapis jaringan hypodermis juga ditemukan pada M. paradisiacal Kluthuk Susu’ Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010 dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ Harijati et al., 2013. Tiga lapis jaringan hypodermis ditemukan pada M. branchyacarpa, M. sapietum dan M. cavendish Harijati et al., 2013. Hypodermis yang tersusun atas 2 sampai 3 lapis merupakan karakter Musaceae Tomlison, 1969. Jaringan hypodermis pada daun memiliki beberapa fungsi. Pada Musa sapientum, hypodermis berfungsi agar daun muda tidak menggulung Skutch, 1930. Rundel et al., 1998 melaporkan bahwa jaringan hypodermis berfungsi untuk menurunkan kerusakan jaringan fotosintesis akibat cahaya matahari. Jaringan mesofil pada daun disusun oleh jaringan palisade dan bunga karang. M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ memiliki dua lapis jaringan palisade dan tersusun rapat Gambar 3 dan 4. Dua lapis jaringan palisade juga ditemukan pada M. branchyacarpa dan M. sapietum Harijati et al., 2013. Jaringan bunga karang pada M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ memiliki bentuk sel yang tidak beraturan, yang berfusi membentuk aerenkim. Aerenkim pada M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ terletak diantara dua berkas angkut. Kondisi ini juga ditemukan pada Penjalin, Kluthuk warangan, Ambon warangan, Raja nangka dan Kluthuk susu Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010, M. branchyacarpa, M. sapietum, M. paradisiaca Kepok’ dan M. cavendish Harijati et al., 2013 dan merupakan kondisi yang umum pada daun pisang Tomlison, 1969. Jaringan angkut ditemukan di mesofil. Berkas angkut pada M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ terdiri atas xylem dan floem. Berkas angkut dikelilingi oleh sel sklerenkim. Berkas angkut yang dikelilingi oleh sel sklerenkin juga ditemukan pada Penjalin, Kluthuk warangan, Ambon warangan, Raja nangka dan Kluthuk susu Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Laticifer pada M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ ditemukan berasosiasi dengan berkas angkut Gambar 3 dan 4. Laticifer adalah sel atau kelompok sel yang berisi latek atau getah Beck, 2010. Laticifer ditemukan di jaringan palisade dan berkas angkut Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Namun, laticifer juga dapat ditemukan di abaxial epidermis Harijati et al., 2013. Petiole M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ disusun oleh tiga jaringan yaitujaringan epidermis, parenkim, dan berkas angkut. Jaringan epidermis pada M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ tersusun atas satu lapis, kompak, dan berbentuk persegi panjang. Sel parenkim ditemukan pada bagian tengah petiole Gambar 3 dan 4. M. acuminata Penjalin’ and M. acuminata Ambon warangan’ memiliki satu lapis sel epidermis yang berbentuk persegi panjang, kompak, dan dilindungi oleh kutikula. M. acuminata Penjalin’ and M. acuminata Ambon warangan’ juga memiliki sel parenkim yang terletak pada bagian tengah petiole, berbentuk seperti bintang dan terdapat rongga udara yang besar Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Akar M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ tersusun atas tiga jaringan yaituepidermis, parenkim, dan jaringan angkut. M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’ memiliki satu lapis jaringan epidermis. Satu atau dua lapis jaringan epidermis juga ditemukan pada M. acuminata Penjalin’ and M. paradisiaca Raja Nangka’ Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Aerenkim ditemukan pada akar M. balbisiana dan M. paradisiaca Kepok’. Adanya aerenkim yang terhubung dari tajuk hingga ke akar akan meningkatkan difusi oksigen dari daun ke akar akan mendukung proses respirasi Evert, 2006. Aerenkim juga ditemukan pada M. acuminata Penjalin’, M. balbisiana Kluthuk Warangan’, M. acuminata Ambon warangan’, dan M. paradisiaca Kluthuk’, namun tidak ditemukan pada M. paradisiaca Raja Nangka’ Sumardi & Wulandari, 2010. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa tanaman pisang dengan tingkatan ploidi yang berbeda, dalam hal ini M. balbisiana diploid dan M. paradisiaca triploid memiliki karakter morofologi dan anatomi yang berbeda pula. K ES IM PU LA N Tanaman pisang dengan tingkatan ploidi yang berbeda antara M. balbisiana diploid dan M. paradisiaca triploid menunjukkan perbedaan karakter morfologi pada tipe saluran pada petiole, bentuk pangkal daun, bentuk jantung pisang, bentuk ujung braktea, jumlah braktea yang terbuka, kedudukan style terhadap tepal bebas, bentuk style, bentuk ujung buah, dan sisa bagian bunga yang tertinggal pada buah, serta pada karakter anatomi pada jumlah lapisan hypodermis. D A F T A R R E F ER EN SI Ahmad F, Megia R, Poerba YS. 2014. Genetic diversity of Musa balbisiana Colla in Indonesia based on AFLP marker. Hayati Journal of Biosciences. 21139-47. Beck C. 2010. An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development. Cambridge Second Edi.. New York Cambridge University Press. Evert R. 2006. Esau’ s Plant Anatomy Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of The Plant Body Their Structure, Function and Development Third Edit. Canada John Wiley & Sons. Hapsari L. 2014. Wild Musa species collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden Inventory and its morpho-taxonomic review. Journal of Tropical Life Science. 4170-80 Hapsari L, Lestari DA. 2016. Fruit characteristic and nutrient values of four Indonesian banana cultivars Musa spp. at different genomic groups. Agrivita. 383303–311 Harijati N, Azrianingsih R, Prawaningtyas EA. 2013. The Study of Anatomy and Fiber Banana Leaf as a Potensial Wrapping. American Journal of Plant Science. 41461–1465 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 1996. Description for Bananas Musa spp. IPGRI, Rome Johansen DA. 1940. Plant Microtecniques. London Mc-Graw Hill Book Co. Inc ARI SUNANDAR, ADI PASAH KAHAR 36 Liu AZ, Kress WJ, Li DZ. 2010. Phylogenetic analyses of the banana family Musaceae based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F evidence. Taxon. 59 120–28. Megia R. 2005. Musa sebagai model genom. Hayati 12167–170. Padoan D, Mossad A, Chiancone B, Germana MA, Khan PSSV. 2013. Ploidy levels in Citrus clementine affects leaf morphology, stomatal density and water content. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology. 254283–290. Retnoningsih A. 2009. Moleculer based classification and phylogenic analysis of Indonesian banana cultivars. [dissertation]. Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor. Rundel PW, Sharifi MR, Gibson AC, Esler KJ. 1998. Structural and physiological adaptation to light environments in neotropical Heliconia Heliconiaceae. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 146789–801. Shokefun EO, Ayodele AE, Akinloye AJ. 2016. Systematic importance of leaf anatomical characters in some species of Microcos Linn. Section Eumicrocos Burret. in Nigeria. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 7108–117. Skutch AF. 1930. Unrolling of Leaves of Musa sapientum and Some Related Plants and Their Reactions to Environmental Aridity. Botanical Gazette. 904337–365. Silva NK, Agra MF. 2011. Leaf epidermal characters of Solanum sect. Polytrichum Solanaceae as taxonomic evidence. Microscopy research and technique. 741186–1191 Simmonds NW, Shepherd K. 1955. The taxonomy and origins of the cultivated bananas. Journal of Linnean Society Botany. 55302–312. Simmonds NW. 1966. Bananas. New York Longman Inc Sulistyaningsih LD, Megia R, Widjaja EA. 2014. Two new record of wild bananas Musa balbisiana and Musa itinerans from Sulawesi. Makara J Sci. 18 11–6. Sumardi I, Wulandari M. 2010. Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars Musa spp. of different ploidy level. Biodiversitas, 114, 167–175. Tomlison PB. 1969. Anatomy of Monocotyledons. Clarendron. Oxford. ... Pisang kepok kapas, kuning, dan manado bergenom BBB Musa balbisana memiliki warna bercak coklat dan tidak mencolok. Hal ini senada dengan pendapat Rahmawati, M. & Hayati, 2013, yang mengatakan bahwa petiole yang berwarna tidak mencolok memiliki sifat M. balbisiana, sedangkan warna bercak mencolok dan coklat kehitaman pada kepok abu bergenom AAB diduga karena kepok kultivar ini merupakan persilangan dari M. acuminata dan M. balbisiana dengan karakter yang dominan kepada M. acuminata dengan salah satu karakter yang dimiliki adalah bercak yang coklat kehitaman, pekat, dan mencolok Rahmawati, M. & Hayati, 2013 Sunandar, A. dan Kahar, 2018. Struktur anatomi petiole pisang kepok dari kelima kultivar yang diamati pun sama yaitu lapisan epidermis pada bagian paling luar, kemudian terdapat jaringan parenkim yang tersebar hampir diseluruh bagian. ...Hapsari L, Damaiyani J, Yulistyarini T, Auliya I, Gusmiati LH, Zaro RM. 2022. Characterization, potential and conservation of Pisang Kates Musa cv. ABB, a unique local banana cultivar from Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 3521-3532. Characterization of local banana Musa spp. germplasm is fundamental for identification and provides information on traits that support their sustainable conservation and optimum utilization. This study aims to characterize and discuss the potential and conservation of Pisang Kates,a local cultivar originatingfrom Tutur, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. The observed characteristics include morphology, molecular, agronomy and yield performance, leaf anatomy and stomata, pollen morphology and viability, fruit total soluble solids and nutrients. Results showed that Pisang Kates hasa unique fruit shape ovoid to globose, weight of40-150 g, appear solitary and randomly attached directly to peduncle, like papaya. It was molecularly by Internal Transcribed Spacer barcode confirmed as ABB genotype. It is tolerant to drought and banana bunchy top virus, but susceptible to wilts. Leaf anatomy has three palisades and isodiametric polygonal epidermals. Leaf stomata is amphistomatic, tetracytic on adaxial,and paracytic on abaxial. Pollen unit is monad, very large, subspheroidal, monocolpate aperture, granulum ornamentation, and low viability. Fruit moderately sweet with nutrient contents equal to dessert banana. Pisang Kates has potential as one serving consumer size fruit, ornamental fruit plant, female parent for breeding,and pioneer plant for rehabilitation programs. Both ex-situ and on-farm conservation strategies of this valuable local banana genetic resource are L, Damaiyani J, Yulistyarini T, Auliya I, Gusmiati LH, Zaro RM. 2022. Characterization, potential and conservation of Pisang Kates Musa cv. ABB, a unique local banana cultivar from Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 3521-3532. Characterization of local banana Musa spp. germplasm is fundamental for identification and provides information on traits that support their sustainable conservation and optimum utilization. This study aims to characterize and discuss the potential and conservation of Pisang Kates, a local banana cultivar originating from Tutur, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. The observed characteristics include morphology, molecular, agronomy and yield performance, leaf anatomy and stomata, pollen morphology and viability, fruit total soluble solids and nutrients. Results showed that Pisang Kates has a unique fruit shape ovoid to globose, weight of 40-150 g, appear solitary and randomly attached directly to peduncle, like papaya. It was molecularly by Internal Transcribed Spacer barcode confirmed as ABB genotype. It is tolerant to drought and banana bunchy top virus, but susceptible to wilts. Leaf anatomy has three palisades and isodiametric polygonal epidermals. Leaf stomata is amphistomatic, tetracytic on adaxial, and paracytic on abaxial. Pollen unit is monad, very large, subspheroidal, monocolpate aperture, granulum ornamentation, and low viability. Fruit moderately sweet with nutrient contents equal to dessert banana. Pisang Kates has potential as one serving consumer size fruit, ornamental fruit plant, female parent for breeding, and pioneer plant for rehabilitation programs. Both ex-situ and on-farm conservation strategies of this valuable local banana genetic resource are encouraged. Rita MegiaDuring the meeting in Arlington, USA in 2001, the scientists grouped in PROMUSA agreed with the launching of the Global Musa Genomics Consortium. The Consortium aims to apply genomics technologies to the improvement of this important crop. These genome projects put banana as the third model species after Arabidopsis and rice that will be analyzed and sequenced. Comparing to Arabidopsis and rice, banana genome provides a unique and powerful insight into structural and in functional genomics that could not be found in those two species. This paper discussed these subjects-including the importance of banana as the fourth main food in the world, the evolution and biodiversity of this genetic resource and its leaf anatomy of six Microcos L. species belonging to section Eumicrocos in Nigeria was investigated by transverse sectioning of the lamina and examined by light microscope to determine their taxonomic significance in species delimitation and classification. The common anatomical characteristics in all the species are as follows the uniseriate epidermis; the hypostomatic and bifacial leaves; presence of 2 layers of palisade tissues; presence of bundle sheath extension to both epi-dermises; presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes; presence of secretory ducts on ab-axial surface; presence of druse crystal in the mesophyll and midrib and; sclerenchyma cells associated with the phloem. Anatomical characters which are significant for species delimitation include the presence/absence of sclerenchyma cells associated with the xylem in the midrib; presence/ absence of starch grains in the mesophyll and midrib; the presence/absence of secretory ducts on the adaxial surface of the midrib; the presence/absence of medullary plates in midrib; the number of secretory ducts in the midrib and the midrib adaxial outline. The section can be separated into two distinct groups based on the number of spongy tissue layers in the mesophyll, number of sclerenchyma cells associated with the phloem and presence/absence of sclerenchyma cells in xy-lem both groupings correlated with those obtained from foliar epidermal and pollen characters. The importance of these characters is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the objective of the present study was to understand the relationship among leaf morphology, stomatal characteristics and water relations in triploids generated through anther culture and their counterpart diploid plant of C. clementina. Triploid plants possessed small and narrow leaves as compared to diploid plant as evident by less leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. By contrast, the leaf index was observed to be more in triploids than haploid ones. Flow cytometric analysis re-confirmed the ploidy levels of heterozygous plant Hd as diploid and the ploidy of Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 plants as triploids. A positive relation was found between ploidy level and stomatal guard cell length and width, whereas a negative relation was observed between the stomata density and ploidy level. The stomatal density was reported to be +/- stomata per mu m2 in diploid plant, while stomatal density varied between and stomata per mu m2 in triploids. Leaf relative water content RWC was slightly higher in triploids to than diploid The leaf water loss was found to be marginally higher in diploid than in triploid plants. Our results show that increase in ploidy level from diploids to triploids caused an effect on leaf morphology and stomatal characteristics with probable consequences to water relations of leaves. This research will serve as an important basis for future work on complete analysis of both morphological and behavioural traits of the leaf stomata and transpiration rates in relation to diploid versus triploid SumardiMera WulandariSumardi I, Wulandari M 2011 Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars Musa spp. of different ploidy level. Biodiversitas 12 167-175. In Indonesia there are many cultivars of banana, and some of them produce edible fruits. Beside their morphology, the character which necessary as a tool for classification is anatomical character. The aim of this research were to describe the anatomical character and morphology of fives Indonesian banana cultivars based on their level of ploidy. The cultivars were collected from Banana Germplasm Plantation, Yogyakarta District, Indonesia. The samples of roots, rhizome, and leaf were collected from five banana cultivars Musa acuminata cv Penjalin, cv Kluthuk warangan, cv Ambon warangan, cv Raja nangka , and M. paradisiaca cv Kluthuk susu. For anatomy observation samples were prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranin in 70% ethanol. To observe the structure of stomata and epidermis surface, slide were prepared using modification of whole mount method. Slides were observed using Olympus BHB microscope completed with Olympus camera BM-10A. Stem and leaf morphology character of diploid level AA and BB genome is different with triploid level AAA, AAB, and ABB genome. Anatomy and morphology character of root and rhizome of banana in diploid level AA and BB genome and triploid level AAA, AAB, and ABB genome is quite similar. Distribution of stomata is found in leaf and pseudostem. Stomata is found in adaxial and abaxial epidermis layer. The size of guard cells in triploid cultivars was longer than that diploid cultivars. The root composse of epidermis layer, cortex and cylinder vascular of five cultivar's root show anomalous structure. Rhizome consist of peripheric and centre zone. Anatomically, this was no differences in the rizome structur among five banana cultivars. The row of vascular bundles act as demarcation area between peripheric and central zone. In the cultivar with BB genome diploid and ABB genome triploid the row of vascular bundle was not found. The differences of leaf anatomy were base on size and number of stomata distribution, number of subsidiary cells, number of hypodermal layers, structure and number of parenchyma palisaden, size of airspace in petiole and mesophyll and the vascular bundle of habitat on physiological and structural characteristics was investigated for broad-leaved tropical monocotyledons in the genus Heliconia Heliconiaceae. Seven species were selected from three different light regimes, enabling an analysis of the extent to which this genus has adapted its photosynthetic strategies and morphological characteristics to different daily photon flux densities PFD. Predictably, light response curves showed a clear gradient with respect to light saturation and rates of maximum net assimilation Amax. Heliconia latispatha, an open site species, showed saturation at higher PFD 1400 [mu]mol m[minus sign]2 s[minus sign]1 and higher Amax [mu]mol m[minus sign]2 s[minus sign]1 and H. irrasa of deep-shade forest understorey PFD 250 [mu]mol m[minus sign]2 s[minus sign]1; Amax mol m[minus sign]2 s[minus sign]1. Leaf blade areas were largest in open sites, and leaf specific mass was also significantly higher, but leaf support efficiency was highest in understorey species. Species in open sites had thicker leaves with more chlorenchyma, whereas deep-shade species had very thin leaves and low stomatal densities. These rapidly growing herbaceous perennials appear to allocate much of their above-ground biomass to leaf tissues and have a relatively low investment in support tissues. This contrasts with understorey palms, in which leaf form and structural investment has been interpreted as a trade-off between economy and protection against tissue loss from falling branches. Presence of below-ground rhizomes in Heliconia may provide the key to this banana family Musaceae Zingiberales, an economically important tropical group of plants, includes three genera, Musa, Ensete and Musella, and possibly 41 species. We performed phylogenetic analyses of a total of 39 accessions covering 28 species in the Musaceae and five outgroup species using nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F sequences. Outgroups were chosen from the closely related families Lowiaceae, Strelitziaceae, and Heliconiaceae. Our results suggest that Musaceae is monophyletic. Three main internal clades are well-supported within the family. The genus Musa is comprised of two of these clades, and Musella plus Ensete make-up the third clade. The sectional classification system of Musa based on chromosome numbers is not supported by DNA sequence evidence. Both inflorescence orientation erect or pendent and chromosomal number in Musa, which were characters traditionally thought to be diagnostic in sectional classification, are homoplasious traits in the family. The disjunct distribution of living members of the genus Ensete in tropical Asia and Africa with a fossil species described from the Eocene of Oregon in North America may be an example of the distributional retreat of the Boreal Tropics. The phylogenetic position of the monospecific Musella as sister to the African clade of Ensete suggests that the single species in this lineage is a highly specialized member not warranting generic status. Evidence from the molecular phylogenetic investigations highlights the evolutionary diversification and biogeographic context of this plant group, and suggests additional taxonomic investigations of both Musa and Ensete are in SimmondsK. ShepherdSUMMARYA taxonomic scoring method is used to classify the edible bananas and to provide evidence on their evolution. Edible diploid forms of Musa acuminata are thought to be the primary source of the whole group to which another species, M, baibisiana, has contributed by hybridization. Thus there exist diploid and triploid edible forms of M. acuminata and diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrid types of genetic constitutions that vary according to their histories. There is a faint possibility that a third wild species has contributed to the origins of a small group of triploid hybrid types. Triploidy was probably established under human selection for vigour and fruit size; tetraploidy is inexplicably rare. The centre of origin of the group is Indo-Malaya and Malaya is probably the primary centre. The two Ldnnaean species M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum refer to identifiable edible varieties which are both shown here to be of hybrid origin. The names therefore may be rejected from the nomenclature of the wild morphological similarities among the species of Solanum are remarkable, and are often very difficult one clear distinction between them. This paper presents a comparative anatomical study of the leaf epidermis of five Brazilian species of Solanum sect. Polytrichum, carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy. The leaf epidermis surfaces were investigated to evaluate their taxonomic significance to be used for separation and delimitation of the species of the section. As results, some micro-morphological characters of the leaf epidermis, such as density, distribution and type of stellate trichomes, and the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, and also the type and distribution of stomata proved to be the most useful and distinctive characters for the separation and delimitation of the species, and also may contribute as an additional support to the interspecific taxonomy and systematic of Solanum sect. based classification and phylogenic analysis of Indonesian banana cultivarsA RetnoningsihRetnoningsih A. 2009. Moleculer based classification and phylogenic analysis of Indonesian banana cultivars.
Pakaianadat Sumatera Barat yang bernama Bundo Kanduang ini berasal dari Minangkabau. Dan jenis baju adat yang satu ini memiliki jenis yang bermacam-macam lho. Biasanya ada dua macam yang familiar yaitu baju adat dan baju kepala desa. Pakaian Adat Sumatra Barat, foto oleh Artisanal Bistro. 3. Ulos - Sumatera Utara.